Bilingualism In The Philippines Pdf

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by HR Lim · 1991 · Cited by 2 — 9136661.pdf (12MB) Restricted to U of Illinois, (no description provided), PDF ... By documenting patterns of bilingual behavior in Philippine .... See http://webuser.bus.umich.edu/gfdavis/davis_09_AMP.pdf (accessed 19 April ... Ibon Foundation (2011) The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2011–2016: ... International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 14 (4), 443–455.. As the bilingual educational system in the Philippines had been implemented since 1974, Filipino students can either find it easy or difficult to study with.... 15 hours ago — inspection checklist template vehicle templates pdf word simple checklists business. bc vehicle inspection ... Canadian Driver's Vehicle Inspection Report, Bilingual - Stock ... inspection vehicle checklist philippines. bc vehicle .... by E Luna · 2007 · Cited by 1 — interpersonal relations) with respect to English teachers in northern Luzon (i.e. north of Metro Manila) and Mindanao (the southernmost island in .... bilingual education has dominated the research agenda in the United. States since ... tion programs, except for one in the Philippines, was equal or ... (http://​www.ncbe.gwu.edu/ncbepubs/resource/effectiveness/thomas-collier97.pdf). Tikunoff .... Abstract. This study investigates the effects of using bilingual medium of instruction ... Full Text: PDF ... University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City. Arthur .... Jun 14, 2011 — USA, and measured the outcomes of various kinds of bilingual education programmes for ... http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001886/188642e.pdf ... Kwintessential (2009): Philippines Scrap Bilingual Education.. by AM Villamin · 1977 · Cited by 2 — teaching in the Philippines. THE PHILIPPINE Normal Col lege in Manila has six elementary school classes involved in a bilingual experiment at its. Language .... by EB Jose · 2019 — (3) University of San Carlos Cebu City, Philippines ... Keywords: bilingualism, language mode, Filipino bilingual, conversational analysis, ... Full Text: PDF .... 11 Abstract Bilingual education in the Philippines – the use of English in mathematics and science and Filipino, the national language, in all other subjects – is a .... The success of bilingual programs in this country would soar if attention were paid to problems in implementation. The following article describes ten of the most .... by M Soffronow · 2015 · Cited by 1 — Education and language of instruction in schools in the Philippines .........................​.................. ... In 1974, the Philippines began their bilingual education program with English ... http://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:656947/FULLTEXT02.​pdf.. by CJ Dawe · 2014 · Cited by 17 — English has long been a significant force in Philippine schools. A product of colonialism, ... papers/dumatog_and_dekker.pdf. Dutcher, N., & Tucker, R. ... Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education. Tupas, T. R. (​2002).. Bilingual education involves using two languages in instruction. This article ... only education, the Philippines, after the 1973 Constitution made English and .... The use of Taglish is very rampant in the Philippines because of tourists that are visiting the country (Bautista 2004). Bilingualism is switching to other language.. by MHC Liwanag · Cited by 5 — ... the students. Key words: Code switching, Bilingualism, bilingual learning, Filipino language ... construction of the national language in the Philippines. ... http://admin.uplb.edu.ph/memos/upload/memos/183/oc-2008-011.pdf.. Bilingualism in the philippines pdf ... The Philippine Bilingual Education Policy (​BEP) Consistent with the 1987 constitutional mandate and a declared policy of .... English language instruction in the Philippine basic education program. ... sil.org/asia/philippines/lit/2008-02-27_Report_to_Congress-Lubuagan_FLC_Paper.pdf. ... International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 5(4), 221–232.. Global non-profit organization. The leading force in forging closer ties between Asia and the West through arts, education, policy and business outreach.. instruction in two schools in La Paz, Agusan del. Sur, the Philippines: a case study. Yolanda S Quijano and Ofelia Eustaquio. Bilingual literacy for the Pwo-​Karen .... “For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino, and until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional .... by NK Singh · 2012 · Cited by 34 — the current bilingual and multilingual education complex in many countries, ... Retrieved from: .. Previous research on the influence of bilingual education on academic achievement could be ... on the Iloilo study conducted in the Philippines in an area where.. by RP Guevarra · 2016 — Definitions of biculturalism are similar to bilingualism in that they include ... The assimilationist ideology of American society and the Philippines' ... http://static.​globalenglish.com/files/images/Business_English_Index_2012.pdf.. Oct 26, 2020 · Ethics For Teachers In The Philippines Trivia 25 Questions | By ... 2011 em pdf teachers do not be- lieve that they can teach ethical behav- iour. ... professional growth in ways that uniquely respond to the bilingual education field​.. ... in Vietnam. http:/www.csuponoma.edu/~jis/2003/ Baker_Baker pdf. ... In English Is an Asian Language: The Philippine Context. ... The Philippine bilingual education program: Education for the masses or the preparation of a new elite?. Latin–Greek bilingualism was characteristic of the Roman and Greek intellectual ... /stories/docs/conference/david_crystal_multilingualism_and_the_internet.pdf.. Bilingualism refers to the ability to use two languages in everyday life. Bilingualism is common ... Philippines), Africa (Senegal, South Africa), and North America (Canada). In the United. States ... 08-Understanding-the-acedemic.pdf. Center for .... Feb 21, 2019 — Using “bilingual education” instead may be a more positive way to describe ... et al., 2016), Philippines (Parba, 2018), and some parts of China (Rong, 2007). ... /​Resources/Education-Notes/EdNotes_Lang_of_Instruct.pdf.. Dec 10, 2020 — In the Philippines, bilingualism is a result of American colonization. It is a country where Filipino and English are widely spoken. Both are official .... by RU Wattimena — and language choice by multilinguals or bilinguals as an „orderly social behavior. ... Philippines but currently living in Jakarta for more than 5 years. Their.. “Bilingual education” is the use of two languages as media of instruction for a child or a group of children in part or all of the school curriculum (Cohen 1975, p. 18).. View Bilingualism and Bilingual Education-Essay.docx from EDUCATION MISC at Carlos Hilado Memorial State College. ... A. Bilingual Education in the Philippines In the Philippines, bilingual ... Canadian French Immersion Program.​pdf.. ship between bilingualism and emotions - bilingual psychoanalysts and evokes the ... (pp . 3-63). Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press.. Click the link below to view PDF documents from TouchPay explaining how to deposit detainee funds. 1. ... Touchpay is the Philippines' first automated payment machine that offers hassle-free experience in paying ... Live bilingual agents are .. by E Lee · 2010 — My grandparents taught me the importance of being bilingual and bicultural ... Current Interest in Bilingual Education . ... from Asia, except for Japan and the Philippines. ... http://www.educationlawconsortium.org/forum/2005/papers/hillner.​pdf.. Jan 14, 2019 — Studies have shown that bilingual children can outperform monolingual children in a number of subject areas. The effects of bilingualism can help .... by MPS Lopez · Cited by 1 — Philippines derived from a monolingual English language policy, became a bilingual education policy, and most recently shifted to the current multilingual.. by ER Flores — Philippines is a common sociolinguistic phenomenon. It is so prevalent ... a bilingual's full use of language resources available to him, usually knowing that the.. by IR CRUZ · 1986 · Cited by 6 — Some write in both English and other vernacular languages. These bilingual writers belong to a long line of Filipinos who wrote in both their first and their second .... by J Lesada · 2017 · Cited by 5 — bilingual Tagalog-English community of Metro Manila, Philippines. Currently, general ... languages, I use “Filipino bilingual” to refer to speakers of at least Tagalog and English, i.e. a multilingual ... Mother Tongue Grades 1-3 01.21.​2014_.pdf.. A major feature of the Philippine language situation is its diversity. The Filipino bilingual lives in a multilingual and multicultural environment. The Filipino .... by RLD Labitigan · 2013 · Cited by 6 — in bilingual Tagalog-English speech, namely nominal pluralization and ... Tagalog is the Philippines' most widely spoken language. Filipino .... by C Young · 2002 · Cited by 52 — The Philippines Bilingual Education policy emphasises the need to develop literacy in. Filipino as a linguistic symbol of national unity and identity and in English .... by T Lin · 2019 · Cited by 9 — Academic Performance in Content-Based Learning? Evidence from Business School Students Attending. Bilingual and L1 Courses. Teng Lin 1 .... teacher professionalization act pdf, AN ACT TO STRENGTHEN THE ... This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994." Sec. 2. ... and graduate courses on the theoretical foundations of bilingual education, .... ... Palestinian Territory (+970), Panama (+507), Papua New Guinea (+675), Paraguay (+595), Peru (+51), Philippines (+63), Pitcairn (+0), Poland (+48), Portugal .... Bilingualism is becoming popular after a century of English ... This literacy leadership brief is available in PDF form for free download through the International .... by EM Pascasio · 1973 · Cited by 1 — Article Information, PDF download for Bilingual Competence for the Filipinos: A ... 1967 "The Language Situation in the Philippines from the Spanish Era to the .... by JAR Villanueva · Cited by 5 — Like other multilingual countries, the Philippines also has research pointing to the benefits of mother tongue maintenance and bilingual education programs. In.. by S Ozaki · Cited by 9 — Philippines, where English is used both as an official language and as a medium of school ... http://www.ets.org/Media/Tests/TOEFL/pdf/test_score_data_summ.. Bilingualism in the philippines pdf. Type Working Paper Title The History of Bilingualism in the Philippines: How Spanish and English Entered the Filipino .... Philippine bilingual education revisited. ... Manila, Philippines: Andrew Gonzalez. ... from http://www-01.sil.org/asia/ldc/plenary_papers/andrew_gonzales.pdf .... by Y YANAGIHARA · Cited by 13 — At present, bilingual education in the Philippines is provided using either ... ph/​cpanel/uploads/issuanceImag/factsheet2006（Aug31）.pdf〉（17. September .... 15 hours ago — Philippine National Police, Asia Law Enforcement Editorial ... OHCHR | To protect life-the principle of law enforcement U.S. Embassy, .... Title, The History of Bilingualism in the Philippines: How Spanish and English ... URL, http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/tandai/kiyou/No.35/Cora_R_Viados.indd.pdf.. by E Mallett · 2017 — Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons ... 1997). For example, the Philippines was given a language policy survey in 1967 and 1968, and ... http://www.isbe.net/research/pdfs/ell_stu-prog_eval_rpt98.pdf.. 2074,%20s.%202009.pdf Eberhard, D. M., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (Eds.). ... Language and institution: Roots of bilingualism in the Philippines. In G. Tan .... by K Byers-Heinlein · 2013 · Cited by 121 — Parents of bilingual infants and toddlers have important questions about the costs ... Philippines), Africa (Senegal, South Africa), and North America (Canada). ... .​ccl-cca.ca/pdfs/LessonsInLearning/Oct-02-08-Understanding-the-acedemic.pdf.. PDF | On Jan 1, 2019, Francisco Perlas Dumanig published Bilingualism and Multilingualism in Primary Education (Philippines) | Find, read and cite all the .... by JK Catapang · 2020 — University of the Philippines Manila - Manila City, Philippines. 2Department of ... the researchers present a bilingual retail chatbot that could handle the two .... These Dual Language programs promote bilingualism and biliteracy, grade level academic achievement, ... Taurus th9c price in philippines ... Request PDF | The Cross-Linguistic Reading Strategies Used by Elementary Students in French .... by RM Launio · 2015 · Cited by 7 — Bilingualism is one's ability to speak separately two languages or the constant oral use of two languages. In Philippine education, bilingual .... Spanish was the official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish rule in the ... However, there were notable bilingual individuals such as poet-translator Gaspar ... "The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines" (​PDF).. by JH Lim · 2012 · Cited by 2 — The Philippines has such a (psycho-socio) linguistic environment that makes it almost inevitable to become a bilingual or even multilingual depending on from .... by G Abastillas · 2015 · Cited by 8 — The Philippines is a diverse linguistic environment with more than 8 major languages spoken and a ... both languages as a native bilingual speaker. For this ... Retrieved from http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr284.pdf.. by JA Fishman · 1980 — The Filipino Bilingual: Studies on Philippine. Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, for the Department.. Discussions about how to educate limited English proficient students often focus on the language of instruction. However, convincing recent evidence that bilingual .... systemic functional linguistics that support bilingual students in appropriating ... Israel, Philippines, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United. States.. by F Hsu · 2015 · Cited by 16 — and the Philippines as a developmental link to the current neoliberal status of global ... a system of bilingual education in 1974, known as the Bilingual Education .... by M YONENO-REYES · Cited by 1 — The result implies that the existing theories in bilingualism are largely applicable to ... WWII Japanese migrants to the Philippines3 reside in the Philippines, if not in Japan ... /uploads/articles/Bilingual%20Childrens%20Mother%20Tongue.pdf.. 17 hours ago — ISO 45001:2018 Internal Audit Checklist (PDF) ISO 45001:2018 Audit Check List. ... ISO 45001-2018 Audit Checklist Eng-Bilingual | Risk ... Posted July 11 ... Sample Internal Audit Report Kpmg And Findings Philippines .. by N Fillmore · 2014 · Cited by 5 — Policy and Implementation in Mindanao, Philippines”, submitted for the degree of Master of ... a social and individual resource and thus bilingualism and multilingualism ... http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/​dumatog_and_dekker.pdf.. Feb 26, 2009 — Spain can offer support for teacher training, linguistic consultancy or bilingual classrooms, as it does in other countries. Naturally, the Latin .... indigenous learners in mainstreamed Philippine classrooms. ... Through the policy on Bilingualism (Department of Education, 1987) teachers in higher grades ... https://www.superduperinc.com/handouts/pdf/PhonologicaAwareness.​pdf.. 2 days ago — Posted 8:00:19 AM. CETRA Language Solutions is looking for talented bilingual individuals to work as Freelance…See this and similar jobs on .... by F Durano · Cited by 19 — languages, bilingualism in the Philippines has existed from the very beginning of the Philippine education system. At home, Filipino children are exposed to .... Foundations of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism, 4th edition. ... 947ee963052abf0293b22e0bfba319cclanguagevitalityendangerment.pdf caHill, micHael. 1999 ... First language education in Lubuagan, Kalinga, northern Philippines.. Jul 25, 2017 — The use of bilingual or even multilingual instructions is true elsewhere. Multilingual ... In the. Philippines, mathematics is being taught in English .... by P Peters · Cited by 1 — with far-flung communities, as in the Philippines with its thousands of islands ... compromised, and their multilingual resources reduced to a form of “subtractive bilingualism”, ... .. Look up words and phrases in comprehensive, reliable bilingual dictionaries and search through billions ... is a group of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in the Philippines. ... Watch official video, print or download text in PDF.. ... Awards were announced on 7th July 2021 in an online bilingual ceremony hosted by Carina Mutshele, ... De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, Philippines .... by SF ASTILLERO · Cited by 8 — Keywords: linguistic schoolscape, Philippine languages, multilingualism, Bikol language ... most cities are bilingual or multilingual, 2) multilingual cities are commoditized, 3) language policy can ... on%20of%20Classroom%20Structuring​.pdf].. PDF | Bilingual education in the Philippines – the use of English in mathematics and science and Filipino, the national language, in all other subjects... | Find .... J. N. Adams, Mark Janse, and Simon Swain. Abstract. Focusing on written texts, this book provides an introduction to the evidence of bilingualism in the ancient .... by C ESPIRITU · Cited by 17 — Philippines are. Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The Philippine Bilingual Education Policy (BEP). Consistent with the 1987 constitutional .... The Spanish colonial period in the Philippines was the period during which the ... icon devices, or by printing the checklist pdf icon [321 KB, 2. Pages, Print Only] below. ... Spanish for Preschoolers - Bilingual Products. Spanish Three Years .... ... 1 review of bilingual education in the Philippines (Ramos et al., 1967), and 1 ... ://www.azed.gov/wpcontent/uploads/PDF/HomeLanguageSurvey-English.pdf.. Find jobs at Wells Fargo. Explore careers for MBAs, undergrads, military veterans​. Learn about our benefits and work culture.. Buy Toyota cars online, find dealers, compare models, check price list and promos, book maintenance service, and explore our full car lineup today!. Bookmark File PDF Basics Of Biblical Hebrew Grammar Second Edition This pack ... Tagalog is one of the major languages spoken in the Philippines. ... of basic-through-advanced Hebrew/English bilingual texts + audio. ch (remove spaces).. by BT Cunanan · 2013 · Cited by 2 — Filipino, and it was declared as the National Language of the Philippines that shall be de- veloped ... brought by bilingualism, multilingualism, and cultural reconstruction. In Burma ... Retrieved from http://www.dila.ph/​policiesonlanguages.pdf.. by CS Larson · 2018 · Cited by 2 — bilingual teachers as they offer valuable insight into teaching and learning and contribute to how we ... Hawaii, Wisconsin, and Illinois, as well as Puerto Rico and the Philippines. ... Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2016/2016144.pdf​.. Nov 29, 2005 — Filipino Bilingual. Emy M. Pascasio. Ateneo de Manila University. 1. Introduction. A major feature of the Philippine language situation is its .... by LA Burton · 2013 · Cited by 4 — There are several others in the Philippines who deserve credit for this dissertation, ... and 1987 Bilingual Education Policies determined the language of instruction in schools ... http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001869/​186961e.pdf.. by AN Eclipse · 2018 — Bilingualism, communicative functions, government language policy, linguistic landscape, Philippines, post office. 1. Introduction. Studies in multilingualism have .... by D Marshall · 2013 · Cited by 1 — Manila, Philippines ... of bilingualism on cognitive functioning ... bilinguals outperformed monolinguals on almost all the tests, particularly on the tests involving .... by EN Morgan · 2015 · Cited by 1 — teachers and parents of these students regarding bilingual education, particularly in areas where bilingual ... Within each manila folder (one for each teacher), there was an ... Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED360866.pdf.. by K Wallner · 2016 · Cited by 6 — Bilingualism is the ability to communicate fluently in a language other than your native language. ... immigrants also came from India, China, the Philippines and the Dominican Republic. Bilingualism can occur ... Bilingualism_and_Literacy.pdf​ .... by JRC Barza · 2020 — Since the late 19th century, migration from the Philippines to the United States ... Filipino, advantages of bilingualism) that have been generated during ... https://​files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census/acs/Report/Detailed_Language_March2016.pdf.. Download pdf file Racial Formation in the Twenty-First CenturyAgainst the historical ... Kramer argues that Philippine-American colonial history was characterized ... pan-ethnicity, whiteness, intermarriage, bilingualism, religion, museum ethnic.. Tagalog (Philippine, Filipino) Dictionary Online Translation, Language, Grammar ... Filipino Dictionary - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf) or read book online for ... Bilingual English to Filipino and Filipino to English dictionary • Filipino to .... concerning this type of learners in the Philippine setting. Key Words: Bilingualism​; Multilingualism; language attrition; Chinese learners. 1. INTRODUCTION.. by J Ball · Cited by 459 — secondary school, they emerge as fully bilingual (or multilingual) learners. If, however ... Guatemala, the Philippines, and South Africa, to name a few. Programs ... 15, 2009 from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001198/​119823e.pdf.. The Philippine Bilingual Education Policy (BEP) promulgated by DECS in accordance to the 1987 Constitution and a declared policy of the National Board of .... by J Parba · 2018 · Cited by 6 — language courses and a number of Filipino culture and Philippine literature courses at the upper ... associated with bilingual education, traces back the term heritage languages to Canada in 1977 ... In addition, I also collected and made pdf.. by AM Borlongan · 2009 · Cited by 57 — And the Bilingual Education Policy of 1987 – originally promulgated in 1974 – in particular aims for an enhanced learning through English and Filipino and the .... by KK Amora · 2020 — This paper expounds the bilingual history of the Philippines as well as the processes involved in adapting the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual​ .... by WJ Han · 2009 — the benefits of bilingualism to children's academic performance challenges this common-sense ... other Southeast Asia (e.g., Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines), and. India. ... http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/311230_new_demography.pdf.. by AV Ferrer · 2015 · Cited by 1 — New Perspectives on Bilingualism, Biliteracy, and Biculturalism. 1 ... the Philippines, etc., where English plays an important historical and ... Diversity-​Report.pdf.. Bilingual Education and the Use of the Vernacular as Medium of Instruction in the Philippines Before, the question of what language to use in the classroom has .... Economic Benefits for the Bilingual Individual (Micro Level) . ... and the Philippines explains the data for these ethnic groups. Similarly, there is a high use of .... 23. Evaluating bilingual education in the Philippines: Towards a multidimensional model of evaluation in language planning 11990). Andrew Gonzalez, FSC.. ... for employees by a variety of publications and associations. Many of our honors are included in the company profile (PDF). These are just a few that stand out:.. by R Tupas · 2014 · Cited by 33 — The Bilingual Education Program of the Philippines (BEP), where English is the medium of instruction in Science and Mathematics and Pilipino or Filipino, the .... by A Gonzalez · 1996 · Cited by 43 — A bilingual education scheme was prescribed for the Philippines in 1974, then renewed in almost identical form in 1987, after a summative evaluation in 1985.. Sep 20, 2015 — 1 On “What is the current state of Philippine education?” ... of balanced bilingualism,” www.laindex.ucr.ac.cr/pnsac-09-2009-12-13-06.pdf; or, .... Read PDF Five Meters Of Time Pes Metra Koh Childrens Picture Book. English Albanian Bilingual Edition Dual Language ... The Philippine Lumberman.. by N Asuncion-Landé · 2011 · Cited by 16 — This essay which takes bilingualism in the Philippines as its main topic consists of two ... Languages and Linguistics of the Ateneo de Manila University. Nobleza​ .... In the Philippines, one mandate in the K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum is the introduction ... the learners enter into the cocoon of bilingualism or multilingualism. Bilingualism ... http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/ 001869/​186961e.pdf.. by EM Pascasio · 1981 — Language Teaching and Bilingual Education in the Philippines - Volume 2. ... and the implemetation of bilingualism in the educational system of the Philippines.. Bilingual education has been proven to supercharge children's learning & even change the structure of the human brain. Read about these benefits here.. Cite as: Gold, N. (2006) Successful Bilingual Schools: Six Effective Programs in ... lessons and learned the folk dances of Rumania, the Philippines, Mexico and Korea, ... Retrieved 22106 from http://www.air.org/news/documents/227Report.​pdf.. Philippines: Philippine Star Printing Company, Inc. Cuervo, M. (1991). Bilingual instruction in college mathematics: effects on performance of Hispanic students on .... by C Stroud · Cited by 90 — bilingual and mother tongue education that language and education are ... In 1996 Sida commissioned the Centre for Research on Bilingualism at Stock-.. by S Tabatadze · 2015 · Cited by 16 — bilingual educational programs of 26 non-Georgian schools of Kvemo Kartli and ... Retrieved from http://www.lindholm-leary.com/resources/review_research.pdf.. University of Philippines (Philippines); Ed.D., Walden University. ... Gonzalez, Gustavo Professor of Bilingual Education, Department of Teacher and Bilingual .... The End of Bilingual. Education in the Philippines? T Ruanni F Tupas. It has been 25 years since the adoption of the Philippine bilingual education policy. Filipino .... by MK David · Cited by 2 — Philippine Bilingual Education Policy in 1974 (revised in 1987) states that English and Filipino are the languages of education and the official languages of​ .... by RA Rébert · 2017 — Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, and the ... Indonesia are ranked lowest among the Asian countries of Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, ... Retrieved from: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED445549.​pdf. 6e846d8fd7